Vietnamese language - Part 3
Pronouns
Vietnamese pronouns are more accurately terms of reference. Its concept is different from that in
European languages, so its forms of reference do not neatly fall into the grammatical person
classifications created by European grammarians. The same word can be used as a first-, second-, or third-person pronoun, depending on the speaker and the audience. For example, to say I love you in Vietnamese, one can use one of many translations:
Anh yêu em. (male to female lover)
Em yêu anh. (female to male lover)
Mẹ yêu con. (mother to child)
Con yêu mẹ. (child to mother)
…
The most common terms of reference are kinship terms, which might differ slightly in different regions.
When addressing an audience, the speaker must carefully assess the social relationship between
him/her and the audience, difference in age, and sex of the audience to choose an appropriate form of address. The following are some kinship terms of address that can be used in the second-person sense (you). They all can also be used in the first-person sense (I), but if they’re not marked by (S) the usage is limited to the literal meaning:
Ông: grandfather, used as a term of respect for a man senior to the speaker and who is late middle age or older
Bà: grandmother, used as a term of respect for a (usually married) woman senior to the speaker and who is late middle age or older
Bác: parent’s older brother or sister, used to address a man/woman slightly older than one’s parents or husband of father’s older sister or husband of mother’s older sister.
Cô: father’s sister, used to address a younger woman or a woman as old as one’s father; also used to address a female teacher regardless of relative age
Cậu: mother’s younger brother, used to address a younger man or a man as old as one’s mother
Dì: mother’s sister, used to address a younger woman or a woman as old as one’s mother; also used to address one’s step-mother
Chú: father’s younger brother, used to address a younger man or a man slightly younger than one’s
father or husband of father’s younger sister.
Thím: wife of father’s younger brother.
Mợ: wife of mother’s younger brother.
Dượng: husband of mother’s sister; also used to address one’s step-father
Anh: older brother, for a slightly older man, or for the man in a romantic relationship.
Chị: older sister, for a slightly older woman.
Em: younger sibling, for a slightly younger person, for the woman in a romantic relationship. (S)
Bố/Ba/Cha: father
Mẹ/Má: mother
Con: child; also used in some regions to address a person as old as one’s child
Cháu: nephew/niece, grandson/granddaughter; used to address a young person of around such relative age
Other pronouns in use for the most part conform to the European idea of grammatical person. Some are even gender-neutral and relationship-neutral:
Tôi: I (neutral, can be used in all situations)
Tao: I (speaking to subordinates, or extremely informal)
Hắn, gã: (pejorative) he
Ả: (pejorative) she
Ông ta/Ông ấy: he (see above)
Bà ta/Bà ấy: she (see above)
Cô ta/Cô ấy: she (see above)
Anh ta/Anh ấy: he (see above)
Con đó/Con ấy: (pejorative) she, it
Thằng đó/Thằng ấy: prejorative
Họ: they
Nó: it (also he or she, when referring to a subordinate; perhaps also pejorative)
Chúng ta: we (including audience)
Chúng tôi: formal I, we (excluding audience)
Chúng nó: they (pejorative/colloquial)
Bả: colloquial, she
Ổng: colloquial, he
Chỉ: colloquial, she
Ảnh: colloquial, he
Mày: you singular (to subordinates, or extremely informal)
Chúng mày: plural of mày
Quý vị: you (formal)
Bạn: friend, you
Using a person’s name to refer to oneself or to address another is considered more personal and
informal than using pronouns. It can be found amongclose friends or children.
Reduplication
Reduplication (từ láy) is found abundantly in Vietnamese. They are formed by repeating a part of a
word to form new words, altering the meaning of the original word. Its effect is to sometimes either
increase or decrease the intensity of the adjective, and is often used as a literary device (like
alliteration) in poetry and other compositions, as well as in everyday speech.
Examples of reduplication increasing intensity:
đau → đau điếng: hurt
→ hurt horribly
mạnh → mạnh mẽ: strong →
very strong
rực → rực rỡ: flaring →
blazing
Examples of reduplication decreasing intensity:
nhẹ → nhè nhẹ: soft → soft
(less)
xinh → xinh xinh: pretty → cute
đỏ → đo đỏ: red
→ somewhat red
xanh → xanh xanh: blue/green → somewhat blue/green
Reduplication of this type, indicating diminished intensity, is also present in Mandarin Chinese.
A type of assimilation known as tonal harmony isinvolved in Vietnamese reduplication.
Ablaut
Vietnamese has the following tonal alternations (or tonal ablaut) which are used grammatically:
tone alternation
đây “here” đấy “there” (ngang tone)
đây “here” đấy “there” (ngang
tone-sắc tone)
bây giờ “now” bấy giờ “then” (ngang
tone-sắc tone)
kia “the other” kìa “yonder” (ngang tone-huyền
tone)
the standard ideographic Chinese character set called chữ nho (scholar’s characters, 字儒): used to write Literary Chinese a complicated variant form known as chữ nôm (southern/vernacular characters, 字喃) with characters not found in the Chinese character set; this system was better adapted to the unique phonetic aspects of Vietnamese which differed from Chinese
The authentic Chinese writing, chữ nho, was in more common usage, whereas chữ nôm was used by
members of the educated elite (one needs to be able to read chữ nho in order to read chữ nôm).
Both scripts have fallen out of common usage in modern Vietnam, and chữ nôm is near extinct.
Computer support
The Unicode character set contains all Vietnamese characters and Vietnamese currency symbol. On systems that do not support Unicode, many 8-bit Vietnamese code pages are available such as VISCII or CP1258. Where ASCII must be used, Vietnamese letters are often typed using the VIQR convention, though this is largely unnecessary nowadays, with the increasing ubiquity of Unicode. There are many software tools that help type true Vietnamese text on US keyboards such as WinVNKey, Unikey on Windows, or MacVNKey on Macintosh.
Examples
The following text is an extract of the first six lines of Truyện Kiều, an epic narrative poem by the celebrated poet Nguyễn Du, 阮攸 (1765-1820), which is often considered the most significant work of Vietnamese literature. It was originally written in Nôm (titled Đoạn Trường Tân Thanh-斷腸新聲), and is widely taught in Vietnam today.
Trăm năm trong cõi người ta,
Chữ tài chữ mệnh khéo là ghét nhau.
Trải qua một cuộc bể dâu,
Những điều trông thấy mà đau đớn lòng.
Lạ gì bỉ sắc tư phong,
Trời xanh quen thói má hồng đánh ghen.
Original Chu Nom version
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